Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Annotated Bibliography Example Even though the article has a narrow perspective on leadership topic as a whole, its detailed focus on transformational leadership is critical in having a better understanding of this style of leadership. In this view, this article is important for the research in organizational leadership as it gives sufficient information pertaining to transformational leadership style. Emery, C. R., & Barker, K. J. (2007). THE EFFECT OF TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLES ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION OF CUSTOMER CONTACT PERSONNEL. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 11(1). Emery and Barker (2007) explore the effects of transactional and transformational leadership styles on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Starting from the definition of these two leadership styles, the article gives a stepwise comparison of the two leadership styles. Organizational commitment is depicted as a crucial aspect in enhanced performance, reduced employee turnover, and general job satisfaction as employee feel well motivated. Similarly, customers tend to be satisfied when they perceive that the leadership style in the organization pays direct attention to their needs. Therefore, apart from giving information relating to the effect of the two leadership styles, the article helps the reader understand the preferable leadership style. In this book, Kotter (2008) discusses the concepts of leadership and management in details. His primary focus is to help the readers distinguish leadership from management by radically analyzing them. Using a systematic approach, the author manages to indicate that not all managers are leaders as a significant portion of them fail to acknowledge the factor or rather attributes of a good leader. Molero, F., Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., & Morales, J. F. (2007). Relations and effects of transformational

Of Mice and Men Main Question Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Main Question Essay The question we are focussing on throughout the whole essay, which is the main theme, is whether Curleys wife is a victim in the story or a tramp. The two different sides of Curleys wife are hard to determine in Steinbecks Mice and Men, as she tends to swap roles from time to time. At points in the story we have reason to believe that that she is a victim, from the way she feels about Curley and her unattained future, which I will explore further on in the essay. I will also put across my points on how she can be a corrupting tramp by exploring her physical appearance, body language and other characters opinions of her. From Steinbecks letter we can see that she couldnt really trust anyone from a young age because every time she trusted in anyone she got hurt. This shows her innocent side. There are not many points in Steinbecks letter that show that she is a corrupting tramp as he tends to mainly focus on her innocent side and he goes through all the times she got hurt and why she got hurt. I will now go on to explain my points in further detail. In this section I will explain how Curleys wife could be an innocent victim in her life and in the eyes of others. She is the victim of the American Dream, her desire to go to Hollywood and be an actress, which was a dream that she could not fulfil because of her mother denying her to leave at such a young age. On page 125 she proves that she really could have been an actress by the text stated She made a small grand gesture with her arm and hand to show that she could act. The fingers trailed after her leading wrist, and her little finger stuck out grandly from the rest. This small quote shows how talented she could have been and it makes you feel heartbroken that she couldnt fulfil her dream. From then on she has been crestfallen and cannot trust anyone, this shows her innocent side. She was told by a man that he could put her in the movies; she was thrilled as she wanted to be a famous actress and be sexy like Jean Harlow and Marilyn Monroe but when her mother said she couldnt go she opted for an easier option to get out of where she was by marrying Curley. She says in the text on page 125 I dont like curley, he aint a nice fella which proves that she was forced to get married to him as it was the last option. Because Curley was the easiest and possibly the last option, he didnt actually love her and just wanted to use her. She knew this and even though he treated her badly, she couldnt leave him as she did love him. Even if she didnt she had nowhere else to go so she was basically trapped in her own home. Her life with Curley is miserable which makes her even more upset about not being able to fulfil her dream and have freedom. In the story she confesses to Lennie the one thing that shes never confessed to anyone, that she doesnt actually like Curley and that she cant escape for fear of what might happen. You can see from this that she just needs someone to talk to as she is so lonely and cant really confide or talk to Curley about anything. The people on the ranch give her the same amount of respect that Curley does. When they call her or see her around the ranch they dont associate her with her own name, to them shes just Curleys wife and they call her Jailbait and Good looking. You can tell she gets frustrated by having no one to talk to when she gets angry on page 123 and says Whats the matter with me? Aint I got a right to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am anyways? In the story we dont even find out what her name is which shows how much attention she gets for her looks instead of her personality which is where she wants most attention. From this we can see that she just wants someone to talk to. On the other hand there are main features we can see in the text that describe her to seem like a corrupting tramp. Looking at the way Steinbeck describes her physical appearance we can see how at first impressions she would come across as sluttish. For a start, he describes her outfit. On page 53 when she first appears the first impression would definitely come across as tramp- like as he says She had full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. She wore a cotton dress and red mules. On the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. The dress and feather shoes give us a glance of how she wants to accentuate her body and her legs and its almost like shes trying to prove that she could be a famous model and have pictures taken of her if shed have had the chance to. The colour of the dress and shoes are red which propose danger as we usually approach red as a threatening colour. So from the start we can she that she is going to be trouble for George and especially Lennie due to previous circumstances with him and a girl. Her hair is described as ringlets like sausages which is good use of foreshadowing as Lennie is described as an animal, and food is used as bait for animals therefore she literally is Jailbait. She wears lots of makeup to accentuate her facial features; this is another reason why she could be a corrupting tramp. The first time she walks into the ranch she leans against the door and leans forward to show off her body to Lennie and George, on page 53 Steinbeck states She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. With her accentuated make up and clothing she fails to receive a notice for her feelings and for her emotions and they only concentrate on the way she looks which tells George from the start that she is going to be trouble as she throws herself forward too much for attention. In the way she speaks you can hear the sexiness and huskiness of her voice, as described on page 53 when Steinbeck says Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality which shows us that she wants to entice people or entrance them. To conclude I think it is important to include the death scene where Steinbeck describes her as being free and innocent after her death. He describes her in a child like form and finally being beautiful and achieving everything she needed to achieve because she was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. This really finalises my decision for her being innocent because it shows that she really wasnt ever, or didnt ever mean to be, a corrupting tramp. Her excuse for wearing slutty and provocative clothes could be because she wanted love and affection which she couldnt get from her own, broken relationship with Curley. She was just in the wrong place at the wrong time, and it wasnt her fault. My conclusion is that I think she is innocent because of previous points that I have made and stated.

Causes of Muscle Damage

Causes of Muscle Damage An antioxidant has been defined as a substance that reduces oxidative damage such as that caused by free radicals (Halliwell 1984). Oxygen-centred free radicals known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) may contribute to exercise induced muscle damage (Mc Ginley 2009). Due to this, it has been widely accepted over the past 20 years that increasing antioxidants in the body will provide greater protection against ROS (Sastre 1992; Hathcock 2005). However, the significance of exercise-induced oxidative stress is open for discussion (Cabrera 2008) with unclear conclusions in literature. This has led to the recent investigation on the possibility of increased production of free radicals during exercise and the effects of antioxidant supplementation in athletes (Finaud 2006; Gomez-Cabrera 2008;Ristow 2009). Free radical proliferation is a widely suggested mechanism in the damage response to exercise by process of phacocytosis and activation of the respiratory burst by neutrophils during the i nflammatory response (Pyne 1994). The most commonly used antioxidants in the sporting world are vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol) with an astonishing 84% of athletes using antioxidants during the 2008 Beijing Olympics (International Olympic Committee 2008). It has been well documented that high intensity exercise results in damage to active muscle fibres resulting in soreness, stiffness and a reduction in the muscles force producing capabilities (Allen 2001; Armstrong 1990; Clarkson 2002). Peroxidation of muscle fibre lipids causes disturbance in cellular homeostasis which may result in muscle fatigue or injury, possibly implicating free radical formation as a major cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness (Byrd 1992). Preventing muscle tissue damage during exercise training may help optimize the training effect and eventual competitive sports performance (Sen 2001). In order to minimise tissue cell damage, there must be an equilibrium maintained between oxidants (ROS) and antioxidants (reductants). ROS increases with intense physical exercise (Fig 1) which can exceed the capacity of the bodys natural antioxidant defence (Reid 2001). This was illustrated by Davis (1982) and Ebbeling (1990), whereby strenuous activity led to increased lev els of malondialdehyde (MDA), a 3-carbon-chain aldehyde. Measurement of MDA has become the most commonly used indicator of lipid peroxidation (Mc Bride 1999).Thus, the ingestion of exogenous antioxidants has been proposed to attenuate this increase in ROS. Evans (1990) noted that several antioxidants, including vitamin C and especially vitamin E, have been shown to decrease the exercise-induced increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation, which could help prevent muscle tissue damage. The effects of Vitamin E have been more extensively researched than Vitamin C due to some promising results in the literature. Vitamin E is the main lipidsoluble, chain-breaking antioxidant (Ji 1996) which accumulates in the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes and helps attenuate lipid peroxidation (Sjodin 1990) within the cell membrane acting as an important scavenger of superoxide and lipid radicals (Powers 2000). Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to significantly decrease the amount of lipid peroxidation (Kanter 1993) and membrane damage associated with single bouts of low and high intensity submaximal exercise aswell as resistance exercise (Mc Bride 1998; Ashton 1999). Sumida (1989) stated that 300 mg of vitamin E given for 4 weeks reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation . Mc Bride (1998) reported the effectiveness of vitamin E supplementation in reducing MDA and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Cannon (1990) reported a decrease in CK and a faster recovery after supplem entation of vitamin E. Furthermore, Kanter (1997) recently reported a 35 % increase in T-lag time (indicative of a diminished LDL oxidation rate) in subjects who consumed 1000 mg d-a-tocopherol acetate daily for 1 week before exercise. Various studies have also demonstrated beneficial physiological effects of vitamin C supplementation in physically-active people. Jakeman and Maxwell (1993) found that supplementing vitamin C showed less strength loss (Fig 2) in the triceps surae post-exercise, and a faster recovery (Fig 3) compared to placebo. The force response to tetanic stimulation was less in the vitamin C group also, indicating a reduction in contractile function. Kaminski and Boal (1992) pre-supplemented subjects for 3 days with 1 g of vitamin C 3 times a day and then induced damage in the posterior calf muscles. Supplementation continued for 7 days post-exercise with vitamin C group reporting reduced soreness ratings ranging from 25-44% less than the control group. Peters (1993) noted fewer cases of upper respiratory tract infection in runners who consumed 600 mg vitamin C/d for 3 weeks before a 42 km road race. Bryer (2006) reported lower DOMS in a high-dose Vitamin C supplementation group 2 weeks prior and 4 days post eccentric exercise Studies which have used combinations of antioxidants (consumed 300-800 mg d-cr-tocopherol plus 200 mg vitamin C/d for 4-8 weeks) reported post-exercise declines in serum enzymes indicative of muscle tissue damage in subjects (Sumida 1989; Rokitzi 1994). Kanter (1993) reported that a mixture of vitamin E (592 mg), vitamin C (1,000 mg), and 30 mg of beta carotene resulted in a decreased level of a lipid peroxidation marker after exercise. All the previously mentioned studies suggest tangible benefits of antioxidant supplementation in combating detrimental physiological processes that may be initiated by physical activity thus appearing beneficial to sports and exercise participants. Exercise exhibits numerous positive effects on general health (Wartburton 2006), most notably improving glucose metabolism. It is well documented that exercise increases ROS production (Powers 2008), however it is unknown whether this may influence the health promoting effects of exercise. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on the health-promoting effects of exercise have recently been investigated (Gomez-Cabrera 2008; Ristow 2009). Exercise helps initiate mitochondrial metabolism, with a reduction of this metabolism linked with type 2 diabetes (Simoneau 1997). Since mitochondria are the main source of ROS, its been proclaimed that ROS may be a factor in some health promoting effects (Schulz 2007; Birringer 2007). Ristow (2009) investigated this theory and hypothesized that antioxidant supplementation may repeal certain health promoting benefits of exercise and oxidative stress. Thus, if increases in oxidative stress exhibit a counteracting effect on insulin-resistance, then the prevention of ROS activation by antioxidants may increase the risk of disease such as type 2 diabetes. Ristow (2009) proposed an essential role for ROS formation in increasing insulin sensitivity in exercising humans. The study found that vitamin C and vitamin E blocked many of the beneficial effects of exercise such as insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rates-GIR) and the promotion of muscle antioxidant defence post-exercise. James (1984) found non-supplemented subjects showed significant increase in GIR after 4 weeks training whereas antioxidant group found no significant change (Fig 4). In addition, the non supplemented group also increased adiponectin levels compared to the supplemented group (Fig 5). Adiponectin (secretory protein) has been shown to have a positive correlation with insulin sensitivity and is inversely correlated with risk of type 2 diabetes (Spranger 2003). A recent meta-analysis of 232,550 participants suggests use of antioxidants may increase all-cause mortality (Bjelakovic 2007). Of the 136,023 receiving antioxidants, 13.1% died (17,880) whereas of the 96,5 27 controls, 10.5% died (10,136). Studies in healthy subjects show that low aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of mortality (Myers 2002; Yusuf 2004). Impaired regulation of mitochondrial function is an important mechanism for low aerobic capacity (Wisloff 2005). Gomez-Cabrera (2008) found that mitochondrial content is a key determinant of endurance capacity and that vitamin C decreases exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle. Free radicals serve as signals to adapt muscle cells to exercise through gene expression (Khassaf 2003). Vitamin C was found to prevent beneficial training effects to occur due to their prevention of activation of two major antioxidants (Mn-SOD and GPx) (Gomez-Cabrera 2008). The aforementioned study also concluded that endurance capacity is directly related to mitochondrial content, which is negatively affected by antioxidants. Antioxidant supplementation is extremely popular among athletes, but data indicating beneficial effects on functional capacity of muscle are elusive. There is no strong evidence from literature for the use of antioxidant supplementation in athletic populations as there are many poor controlled studies involving unusually high doses, involving low muscle damaging activity and more recent research has alleviated to minimal if any benefits. Antioxidants do not seem beneficial in preventing DOMS, increasing recovery time or protect against muscle damage but in fact long term supplementation (with vitamin E in particular) may increase mortality (Bjelakovic 2007). Most notably for athletes, not only does supplementation appear ineffective in preventing against exercise induced muscle damage, but interferes with the ROS signalling which are needed for adaptation to occur (Gomez-Cabrera 2008). References: Allen DG (2001). Eccentric muscle damage: mechanisms of early reduction of force. Acta Physiol Scand; 171(3):311-9 Aoi W, Naito Y, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, Sakuma K, Ichikawa H (2004). Oxidative stress and delayed-onset muscle damage after exercise. Free Radic Biol Med;37:480- 7. Armstrong RB (1990). Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 22(4): 429-35 Ashton T, Young IS, Peters JR, Jones E, Jackson SK, Davies B (1999). Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study. J Appl Physiol;87:2032- 6 Birringer M, et al. (2007) Improved glucose metabolism in mice lacking alphatocopherol transfer protein. Eur J Nutr 46:397-405. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (2007) Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 297:842-857. Bryer SC, Goldfarb AH (2006). Effect of high dose vitamin C supplementation on muscle soreness, damage, function and oxidative stress to eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab; 16(3): 270-80 Byrd, S.K.(1992) Alterations in the sarcoplasmic reticulum: A possible link to exercise-induced muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:531-536 Cannon, J.G, Evans W.J (1990). Acute phase response in exercise: Interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. Am. J. Physiol. 259:R1214-R1219. Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2002). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 81(11): S52-59 Davies, K.J, BROOKS G.A, and Packer L (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107:1198-1205. Dillard CJ, Litov RE, Savin RE, Dumelin EE Tappel AL (1978) Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology Ebbeling, C.B, and Clarkson P.M(1990). Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 60: 26-31. Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E (2006). Oxidative Stress: relationship with exercise and training. Sports Med;36(4):327-58 Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E (2008). Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med; 44(2): 126-31 Gomez-Cabrera MC, et al. (2008) Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr 87:142-149. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge J. M (1984). Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. J. Biochem. 219:1-14. Hartmann A, Nies AM, Grunert-Fuchs M, Poch B Speit G (1995) Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutation Research 346, 195-202. Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J (2005). Vitamins E andCare safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr;81:736-45 Hellsten, Y, Sjodin B (1997) Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: A role in inflammation. J. Physiol. 498: 239-248. James DE, Kraegen EW, Chisholm DJ (1984) Effect of exercise training on whole-body insulin sensitivity and responsiveness. J Appl Physiol 56:1217-1222. Ji, L.L (1996). Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. Am. J. Sports Med. 24:S20-S24. Ji, L.L. (2000) Free radicals and antioxidants in exercise and sports. G.E. Garrett, and D.T. Kirkendall. Exercise and Sport Science. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 299- 317. Kaminski, M, Boal M (1992). An effect of ascorbic acid on delayed- onset muscle soreness. Pain 50:317-321. Kanter MM, Bartoli WP, Eddy DE Horn MK (1997) Effects of short term vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation, inflammation and tissue damage during and following exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, S40. Kanter, M.M., Nolte L ,and Holloszy H (1993). Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:965-969. Kanter, M.M., Nolte L.A and Holloszy J.O (1993). Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and post-exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:965-969. Khassaf M, McArdle A, Esanu C (2003). Effect of vitamin C supplements on antioxidant defence and stress proteins in human lymphocytes and skeletal muscle. J Physiol;549:645-52. Kosmidou I, Vassilakopoulos T, Xagorari A, Zakynthinos S, Papapetropoulos A, Roussos C (2002). Production of interleukin-6 by skeletal muscle myotubes. Role of reactive oxygen species. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol;26:587- 93. Maxwell SRJ, Jakeman P, Thomason H, (1993). Changes in plasma antioxidant status during eccentric exercise and the effect of vitamin supplementation. Free Radic Res Commun;19:191-202. McBride, J.M., and Kraemer W.J (1998) Effect of resistance exercise on free radical production. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:67-72. McBride, J.M., and Kraemer W.J (1999). Free radicals, exercise, and antioxidants. J. Strength Cond. Res. 13:175-183. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE (2002). Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med;346:793- 801. Powers SK, Jackson MJ (2008) Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88:1243-1276. Pyne, D.B (1994). Regulation of neutrophil function during exercise. Sports Med. 17:245-258. Reid, M.B, Shoji T,Moody M.R, and Entman M.L.(1992) Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. II. Extracellular release of free radicals.J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1805-1809. Ristow, M., Zarse, K., Oberbach, A., Kloting, N., Birringer, M., Kiehntopf, M. Stumvoll, M., Kahn, C.R., Bluher, M. (2009). Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 8665-8670. Rokitzi L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Wetzel-Roth W Keul J (1994) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stress. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 154, 149-154. Sastre J, Asensi M, Gasco E (1992). Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration. Am J Physiol;263:R992-5. Schulz TJ, et al. (2007) Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metab 6:280-293. Sen, C, K (2001). Antioxidants in Exercise. Nutrition Journal of Sports Medicine- Volume 31 Issue 13 pp 891-908 Simoneau JA, Kelley DE (1997) Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol 83:166-171. Sjodin, B., Y. And Apple F.S (1990). Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise. Sports Med. 10:236-254. Spranger J, et al. (2003) Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361:226-228. Sumida, S., Tanaka K, Kitao H, Nakadomo F (1989). Exercise- induced lipid peroxidation and leakage of enzymes before and after vitamin E supplementation. Int. J. Biochem. 21:835- 838. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (2006) Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Can Med Ass J 174:801-809. Wisloff U, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O (2005). Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity. Science; 307:418 -20. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S (2004). Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the Interheart Study): case-control study. Lancet;364:937-52.

Damage to the Hypothalamus Essay -- Neurology Brain Disorders Papers

â€Å"The hypothalamus is a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus† (Kalat 90). It makes up about 1/300 total brain weight in humans, and it is about the size of an almond (www.factmonster.com). Since the hypothalamus is attached to the pituitary gland, which is considered the â€Å"master gland,† the hypothalamus is the structure which actually has master control over promoting or inhibiting hormone release, affecting many glands (Kalat 327). The main function of the hypothalamus is to regulate homeostasis, but its wide range of control affects the generation of behaviors involved in eating, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, copulation, maternal behavior, general arousal, activity level, the sleep- wake cycle, and emotional regulation of rage, aggression, embarrassment, escape from danger in â€Å"fight or flight† responses, and pleasure (www.geocities.com). When the hypothalamus is damaged, specific behavior changes occur dependent on the lesion location on the hypothalamus. The affects of such behavior changes can affect a person’s life to such a degree that a social worker is needed for emotional, informational, familial, economic, and environmental support (www.iaswresearch.org). The hypothalamus controls the pituitary, which consists of two major glands: anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary (which can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus). The hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are transported to their terminals in the posterior pituitary, and then released in the blood (Kalat 327). Oxytocin controls uterine contractions, milk release, certain aspects of parental behavior, and... ...al Cancer Institute: Social work’s contribution to research on cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and surviviorship. Washington, D.C. www.iaswresearch.org. Kalat, J.W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc. Taking Time: Support For People With Cancer and the People Who Care About Them (2001). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health: National Cancer Institute. Taylor, S.E., Falke, R.L., Shoptaw, S.J., Steven, J., & Lichtman, R.R. (1986). Social support, support groups, and the cancer patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 608-615. www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0824782.html www.geocities.com/hhugs2001/roleofhyp.htm www.heumann.org/body.of.knowledge/k1/hypothalamus.html www.naswdc.org/research/news/120903.asp www.webmd.com

Glamorous Life of Princess Diana

Cindy GarciaGarcia 1 Carl Mason 42. 103. 273 18 May 2011 The â€Å"Glamorous† Life of Princess Diana For my biography final paper, I chose to write about Princess Diana. She is someone who stood out to me and someone who accomplished so much in such a short life. She displayed genuine care to the public, the children, the injured, and the handicapped. Princess Diana is the princess of Wales, yet we hear so much about her here in America because she is of great importance. She stood out to me mostly because she is a princess who displays great poise, decorum, and perfection but there was so much chaos and imperfection during her short life.Nobody is perfect, especially the Princess of Wales. â€Å"Being a princess isn't all it's cracked up to be,† says Princess Diana. Her hectic life and all of her accomplishments is what interested me to write this paper on her. Princess Diana was born as Diana Frances Spencer on July 1, 1961. She was born in Norfolk, England. She was t he second youngest child. She had two elder sisters and a younger brother. Her childhood was simple and pleasant. She grew up around royal families and was associated with them.She had a lot of privileges during her childhood because her father, John Spencer, was a royal equerry for both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. Her mother was a daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy. When Diana’s paternal grandfather died, her father became the eighth Earl Spencer, giving Diana the title of â€Å"Lady. † When Diana’s parents were married in 1954 at the Westminster Abbey, the queen was a chief guest. Her parents’ marriage was a big social event during 1954, but the split up when Diana was only about six years old. They Garcia 2 divorced two years after the split.The split of her parents was something tragic during her childhood. After the split, Diana and her siblings had to go through an intense custody dispute, resulting in her father winning custody over her an d her siblings. Her mother was said to have had an affair and was an unfit mother, which helped her father gain custody. She still, often, visited her mother. Her parents both shortly remarried to other spouses. Diana went to a preparatory school and then a boarding school and excelled in sports and activities such as swimming, music and dancing.Her grades weren’t the greatest in school. She was considered a below-average student, but she still enjoyed school because of her determination, cheeriness, and caring nature. She longed to be a professional ballerina and studied ballet but she grew to be too tall, 5’10’’. When she finished school, she went to work in London. She worked as a nanny, worked in a restaurant, did cleaning jobs, and then worked as a teacher at the Young England kindergarten in Knightsbridge. She had a caring nurture towards deprived children due to the impact the divorce of her parents left on her.She says, â€Å"I think the biggest disease the world suffers from in this day and age is the disease of people feeling unloved. I know that I can give love for a minute, for half an hour, for a day, for a month, but I can give. I am very happy to do that, I want to do that. † By nineteen, Diana became a headline for the national media. Lady Diana’s older sister introduced her to Prince Charles of Wales, The oldest child of British monarch Queen Elizabeth II. He was in his early thirties while Lady Diana was in her late teen years. Their age gap was significant.He was about thirteen years older than her. Because of their age difference, they had little in common but they did both enjoy hiking, traveling, and the outdoors. Prince Charles was always under press speculation, especially when it came to his love life. He was under increasing pressure to get married. In order to gain the approval of his family Garcia 3 and their advisors, any potential bride had to have an aristocratic background, could not hav e been previously married, should be Protestant and, preferably, a virgin. Lady Diana fulfilled all of these qualifications.Prince Charles’ former girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles, helped him select Lady Diana as a potential bride. Their romance began in 1980. At this time, the press took a special interest in Lady Diana. They followed her everywhere, and she found the attention to be unbearable. Prince Charles and Lady Diana were engaged in February of 1981 and were married on July 29, 1981 in St. Paul’s Cathedral. She was only twenty when she got married. The wedding was broadcast in 74 countries and watched by almost 750 million people worldwide. They had about 3,500 guests attending their weeding.Diana was the first English woman to marry an heir to the throne in over 300 years. By the time they got married, they seemed to be truly in love and their wedding was that of a fairytale. Upon her marriage, Diana became the Princess of Wales and was ranked as the third m ost senior royal woman in the United Kingdom after the Queen and the Queen Mother. But from the beginning, their wedding was not blessed with good fortune. Prior to their wedding, Diana had a feeling that Camilla played a great role in Charles’ life. This led her to great jealousy and pondered if she should even marry him.Less than a year after their wedding, they gave birth to their first son, William, and two years after that to their second son, Henry. She tried to take all of the duties of the children onto her own shoulders. She was a devoted mother. By the time their second son was born, there were great problems in their marriage. Diana became sick of worry about Charles having an affair. She suffered from bulimia and several phases of depression. She even tried to commit suicide several times. She felt early signs Garcia 4 of empty-nest syndrome and felt an emotional void. She was, also, under a lot of pressure.She had many roles to perfect as she wanted to do everyth ing properly. Their sons brought them happiness, but they never seemed to meet eye to eye. When they went to functions, crowds would cheer for Princess Diana and no longer for Prince Charles. He was concerned about all the attention and would criticize her. She made her feel as though she was immature, moody, and couldn’t fulfill her royal duties. They had no common topic for conversation. They never developed common interests. Princess Diana was very much interested in fashion, films, and celebrities. Prince Charles was bored by those topics.He was more interested in history, literature, philosophy, painting, and architecture. Because of all of the attention Princess Diana was getting and her depressive behavior, Prince Charles slowly drifted away from her making her feel lonelier. They became estranged so quickly after their marriage. Despite the way her marriage was going, she tried to keep a positive personal persona and find a place for herself. Her wardrobe was a focus of attention. She charmed everyone and the public loved her presence. She made constant visits to hospitals, nurseries, and schools.A lot of her visits to the hospitals would be unannounced and she would ask the nurses to keep her visit concealed from the media. That showed that she didn’t do all of the visits and charity just for publicity. She did charity work for AIDs, helping to raise AIDS awareness. People of that time were afraid of catching AIDs just by touching someone who had it. Princess Diana would visit AIDs patients and touch them to prove that it was safe and okay and that they deserve compassion. â€Å"HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it,† said Princess Diana.Her work for AIDs, also, promoted research and in other ways positively influence the fight against AIDS. She did a lot of Garcia 5 work for those who had leprosy. She tried doing a lot of charity work for the childr en. She was a president or patron of over a hundred charities. She was a patron of the British Deaf Association and had taken the initiative to learn a number of words in sign language. She would practice her skill, master it, and later use it in her work with the children. She played an active role in the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. This campaign won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997.She won praise for touring land mine fields in a flak jacket and helmet. Her concern over the use of land mines was mostly for those they injured, usually children. The land mines killed or injured more than a million people. A lot of charities would raise large amounts of money with just one appearance by Princess Diana. But she wanted to show the charities that she cares, so she would visit every charity under her patronage at least twice a year, and would talk to the staff personally. When she was around people she gave them hugs and would look them in the eye to show that she cares and tha t she is interested in what you have to say.Helping those in need or just giving them a visit, is what she felt gave her the strength to keep going. It was her everyday motivation. I felt as though that was what made her a good princess. She truthfully cared for the people and wanted to do all she can do to help, even if it was just a hug. As she would say, â€Å"Hugs can do great amounts of good – especially for children. † Her marriage continued to suffer more and more. Prince Charles was fixated on his former girl Camilla and even admitted to having an extra-marital affair.Charles and Diana were separated in 1992 and finally divorced in 1996. Princess Diana was lonely and found comfort from many different men. Her and her sons’ riding instructor, James Hewitt, gave her the attention and charm she longed for. He gave her everything Charles didn’t, stealing away her heart. She was said to be involved with about five other men. Although her separation wit h Garcia 6 Prince Charles impacted her greatly, she still continued to be involved in all of her charity work and everyone still loved her the same as before. She had joint custody with Charles of her two sons.She still failed to neglect her duties as a mother and do all she can for the deprived. She was given about twenty-eight million dollars from her divorce, but she had to give up the title of â€Å"Her Royal Highness. † She was still considered Princess of Wales, especially since her sons are in line for the throne. She did lose a lot of privileges, though, including public money for her work. But it didn’t stop her. She stayed strong in the public eye. In 1997, Princess Diana had a boyfriend by the name of Dodi Al Fayed, a son of a billionaire businessman.He was a heart surgeon. They went on several trips and dates together, and she was very fond of him. The paparazzi were always on their back and they would always try to flee from them. The paparazzi got to a po int where they barely let them breathe. Wherever they would go, which was many places, they would be there waiting for them. On August 31, 1997 they were both killed in a car accident in Paris while fleeing from paparazzi. How it happened and what happened afterwards is a worldwide dispute. Her death shocked the world, and millions of people mourned her death.She died at the age of thirty-five years old. Despite her tragic death, she left a longing legacy and she is still widely known today. From the beginning of her childhood, when her parents were divorced, I automatically felt sympathy for her. I still have my parents together and despite their disputes, I can never picture them separated. I know that it would drastically affect me, so I understand how it greatly affected Princess Diana. She took that negative and turned it into a positive despite her hurt. That was the great thing about her.The divorce of her parents led her to care for children, especially those children in nee d. When her husband was cheating on her and neglecting her, she turned to Garcia 7 charity work and devotion to her sons. I would have never thought that she suffered from depression, bulimia, and several attempts of suicide. She was good at hiding the horrible things in her life and overshadowing it with poise and care for the people. She is definitely a role model and left an impact on the world; not just in England. Her sons continue to do her works and honor her name.I doubt that no other princess or queen lived a hectic and dramatic life as she did. That is what made her so interesting, because above all of that chaos she is one of the most known princesses. She died so young at the age of thirty-six and that makes me think of my sister who is that same age. You still have so much life to live at that age. It just makes the saying truer that the good die young. As someone close to her said, â€Å"She was an exceptional and gifted human being. In good times and bad, she never l ost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness.I admired and respected her – for her energy and commitment to others, and especially for her devotion to her two boys. †¦ † Works Cited http://charity. lovetoknow. com/Charity_Work_of_Princess_Diana http://www. famous-women-and-beauty. com/accomplishments-of-princess-diana. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/special/politics97/diana/ending4. html http://www. angelfire. com/mi2/llennium3/diana. html http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/p/princess_diana. html http://www. princess-diana. com/diana/married. htm http://history1900s. about. com/od/1980s/p/princessdiana. htm

Objective Case in English

Objective Case in English In English grammar, objective case is the case of a pronoun when it functions as one of the following: the direct or indirect object of a verb or verbalthe object of a prepositionthe subject of an infinitivean appositive to an object The objective (or accusative) forms of English pronouns are me, us, you, him, her, it, them, whom and whomever. (Note that you and it have the same forms in the subjective case.) The objective case is also known as the accusative case. Examples of Objective Case This land is your land, this land is my land,From California to the New York island;From the redwood forest to the Gulf Stream waters,This land was made for you and me.(Woody Guthrie, This Land Is Your Land, 1940)Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. . . .(Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus, 1883)Please dont eat me. I have a wife and kids. Eat them.(Homer Simpson, The Simpsons)And I think both the left and the right should celebrate people who have different opinions, and disagree with them, and argue with them, and differ with them, but dont just try to shut them up.(Roger Ebert)The listeners decide whether they like us, believe us, trust us, and perceive whether we are secure in ourselves and confident in what we are saying.(Kevin Daley and Laura Daley-Caravella, Talk Your Way to the Top, 2004)I cant liveWith or without you.(U2, With or Without You. The Joshua Tree, 1987)She rushed across the room at him, thick legs pumping, knees flexing, elbows c hopping back and forth in the stale sickroom air like pistons.(Stephen King, Misery, 1987) Cousin Matthew talked with his wife for a time about what had happened to him and to her during his absence.(Sarah Orne Jewett, Lady Ferry)To survive in this world, we hold close to us those people on whom we depend. We trust in them our hopes, our fears.(Mohinder Suresh, Heroes, 2008)The man for whom time stretches out painfully is one waiting in vain, disappointed at not finding tomorrow already continuing yesterday.(Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. Translation published by New Left Books, 1974)The strongest influences in my life and my work are always whomever I love. Whomever I love and am with most of the time, or whomever I remember most vividly. I think thats true of everyone, dont you?(Tennessee Williams, interview with Joanne Stang. The New York Times, March 28, 1965) Correction Mr. Cameron’s first visit to Washington as prime minister was meant as a way for he and Mr. Obama to tackle a series of issues vital to the two countries, in particular the war in Afghanistan and steps toward a global economic recovery.As many readers were quick to point out, this should be for him and Mr. Obama to tackle. (The subject of an infinitive in a construction like this is actually in the objective, or accusative, case: I want him to go, not I want he to go.)(Philip B. Corbett, Everything Old Is Hip Again. The New York Times, Sep. 7, 2010) A Handful of Pronouns In Present-day English the contrast between nominative [subjective] and accusative [objective] is found with only a handful of pronouns. At earlier stages of the language the contrast applied to the whole class of nouns but the inflectional distinction has been lost except for these few pronouns.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002) The Lighter Side of the Objective Case: The Death of Me I have been planning a piece on personal pronouns and the death of the  accusative. Nobody says, I gave it to they, but me is almost dead, and I have heard its dying screams from Bermuda to Columbus: He gave it to Janey and I.(James Thurber, letter to literary critic Lewis Gannett. Selected Letters of James Thurber, ed. by Helen Thurber and Edward Weeks. Little, Brown, 1981)Cheers,† she said as I left, â€Å"and dont forget  youre seeing Matt and I  on Monday.I thought for a moment shed said matineye, an East End  pronunciation of matinee. Was I meant to review it?Then I remembered Matt was the production editor.Me wont forget, me muttered as me went downstairs.(Sebastian Faulks, Engleby. Doubleday, 2007)Excuse me, he said, but is any of you gentlemen named- he stared at the envelope- Gervase Fen?Me, said Fen ungrammatically.(Edmund Crispin [Bruce Montgomery], Holy Disorders, 1945) Pronunciation: ob-JEK-tiv case